BIO 370 — Vertebrate Zoology
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Vertebrate Diversity
Class Mammalia — Mammals

(Click on any image for larger version)

Mammalia Characteristics

  • Presence of hair (endothermy)
  • Mammary glands
  • 3 inner ear bones
  • Dentary-squamosal jaw articulation
  • Heterodont dentition (varied teeth)
  • Presence of pinnae (external ears)
  • Diaphragm and 4-chambered heart

Subclass Prototheria — Monotremes

Characteristics

  • Most primitive extant mammals
  • Lay eggs
  • Mammary glands lack nipples
  • Lack pinnae (external ears)

    Order Monotremata
    • Echidnas and Platypus
    • Only extant order in Subclass
    • 5 living species are highly specialized, toothless
Platypus Skull
Duck-billed Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Family Ornithorhynchidae), skull
Diet: aquatic invertebrates, worms
Platypus Mount
Duck-billed Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Family Ornithorhynchidae), taxidermy mount

Echidna Skull
Short-nosed Echidna Skull, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Family Tachyglossidae)
Diet: ants, termites
Echidna
Short-nosed Echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Family Tachyglossidae)

Subclass Allotheria — Multituberculates & Relatives


    Order Multituberculata
    • Extinct: lived from late Jurassic to late Eocene (160 Ma to 35 Ma)
    • Diverse and successful during Cretaceous and early Paleogene Periods
    • Skulls superficially rodent-like
    • Characterized by molars with large number of cusps, typically arranged in a double row
Mesodma Tooth
Fossil molar of Mesodma formosa (Family Neoplagiaulacidae); Late Cretaceous Period, South Dakota
Multituberculate Drawing
A Multituberculate, Catopsbaatar catopsaloides (Family Djadochtatheriidae);
Source: Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum 2006. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Creative Commons Attribution 2.0

Subclass Metatheria — Marsupials

Characteristics

  • Young complete development in pouch
  • Maximum dental formula: 5/4, 1/1, 3/3, 4/4
  • More complex limb musculature
  • Angle of jaw bends inward
  • 400 species in Neotropics, Australian region
  • There are 4 additional orders not shown below nor represented in lab

    Order Didelphimorphia
    • American Opossums
    • Diverse habitats
    • Most are omnivorous
    • 5/4 incisors per side is unique
    • Sagittal crest (along skull midline) usually present
    • Neotropics to southern U.S.
OpossumSkull
Virginia Opossum Skull, Didelphis virginiana (Family Didelphidae)
Diet: omnivore
Opossum Mount
Virginia Opossum, Didelphis virginiana (Family Didelphidae); taxidermy mount
Shorttailed Opossum
Shorttailed Opossum, Monodelphis domestica (Family Didelphidae)

    Order Dasyuromorphia
    • Marsupial Mice, Quolls, Tasmanian Devil, etc.
    • Most are insectivorous or carnivorous
    • 4 upper incisors per side; large canines
    • Sagittal crest usually absent
    • Australasian Region
Tasmanian Devil Skull
Tasmanian Devil Skull, Sarcophilus harrisii (Family Dasyuridae)
Diet: vertebrates
Tasmanian Devil
Tasmanian Devil, Sarcophilus harrisii (Family Dasyuridae)
Numbat Skull
Numbat skull, Myrmecobius fasciatus (Family Myrmecobiidae)
Diet: termites
  Thylacosmilus Skull Fossil
Saber-toothed Marsupial Skull Fossil, Thylacosmilus sp. (Family Thylacosmilidae)
Diet: large vertebrates
Quoll Drawing
Eastern Quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus (Family Dasyuridae);
Source: A. E. Brehm. Het Leven der Dieren. Retrieved from Project Gutenberg
Thylacine Drawing
Thylacine (aka Tasmanian Tiger), Thylacinus cynocephalus (Family Thylacinidae);
Source: A. E. Brehm. Het Leven der Dieren. Retrieved from Project Gutenberg

    Order Diprotodontia
    • Kangaroos, Wallabies, Koalas, Wombats, etc.
    • Mostly herbivorous or omnivorous
    • Includes largest marsupials
    • Note broad grinding molars, diastema
    • Australia
Kangaroo Skull
Kangaroo skull, Macropus sp. (Family Macropodidae)
E Gray Kangaroo
Eastern Gray Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus (Family Macropodidae)
Tree Kangaroo
Goodfellow's Tree Kangaroo, Dendrolagus matschiei (Family Macropodidae)
Wombat Skull
Common Wombat skull, Vombatus ursinus (Family Vombatidae)
Wombat
Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons (Family Vombatidae)
Bettong
Brush-tailed Bettong, Bettongia penicillata (Family Potoroidae)
Wallaby
Parma Wallaby, Macropus parma (Family Macropodidae)
Koala
Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (Family Phascolarctidae)
Sugar Glider
Sugar Glider, Petaurus breviceps (Family Petauridae)

Subclass Eutheria — Placental Mammals

Characteristics

  • Extended gestation with complex placenta
  • Maximum dental formula: 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3
  • Morphologically very diverse
  • 6170 species, worldwide

See also
Mammal Anatomy page


    Clade Afrotheria
    • A monophyletic grouping that branched off near the base of the Placental mammal tree
    • Primarily African distribution
    • Very diverse in body form and lifestyle
    • Characterized by high number of vertebrae
    • Permanent teeth erupt relatively late
    • Many have a long, mobile snout
    • 90 species total in 6 extant orders (including the Proboscidia listed below)
Manatee
West Indian Manatee, Trichechus manatus; Order Sirenia: FL
Manatee
West Indian Manatee, Trichechus manatus; Order Sirenia: FL
Steller Sea Cow Skull
Steller's Sea Cow Skull, Hydrodamalis gigas; Order Sirenia
Diet: kelp (sea weed)
Rock Hyrax Skull
Rock Hyrax skull, Procavia capensis; Order Hyracoidea
Diet: herbivore
Yellow-spotted Hyrax
Yellow-spotted Hyrax, Heterohyrax brucei; Order Hyracoidea; Kenya
Tenrec
Lesser Tenrec, Echinops telfairi; Order Afrosoricida
Elephant Shrew Skull
Four-toed Elephant Shrew skull, Petrodromus tetradactylus; Order Macroscelidea
Diet: insects
Elephant Shrew
Round-eared Elephant Shrew, Macroscelides proboscideus; Order Macroscelidea
Aardvark Skull
Aardvark skull, Orycteropus afer; Order Tubulidentata
Diet: termites

    Order Proboscidia
    • Elephants
    • Part of Clade Afrotheria (above)
    • Huge size
    • Upper incisors enlarged into tusks
    • Molars formed of fused vertical plates that are replaced front to back
    • Nose and upper lip form trunk
    • Mostly hairless
    • 3 species, Africa, Asia
African Elephant Molar
Asian Elephant Skull, Elephas maximus (Family Elephantidae)
San Diego Natural History Museum
African Elephant Molar
African Elephant molar, Loxodonta africana (length=205 mm)
African Elephants
African (Bush) Elephants, Loxodonta africana (Family Elephantidae); Kenya

    Order Xenarthra
    • Armadillos, anteaters, sloths
    • No canines or incisors
    • Cheek teeth small and simple or also absent
    • Specialized insectivores
    • 38 species; Neotropics
    • Taxonomic note: sometimes split into 2 Orders: Pilosa (anteaters + sloths) and Cingulata (armadillos)
Sloth Skull
Pale-throated Three-toed Sloth skull, Bradypus tridactylus (Family Bradypodidae)
Diet: herbivore
2-Toed Sloth
Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus sp. (Family Megalonychidae)
9-Banded Armadillo
Nine-banded Armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus (Family Dasypodidae); FL
Anteater Skull
Giant Anteater skull, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Family Myrmecophagidae)
Diet: ants, termites
Giant Anteater
Giant Anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Family Myrmecophagidae)
Armadillo Skull
Nine-banded Armadillo skull, Dasypus novemcinctus (Family Dasypodidae)
Diet: insects, esp. beetle grubs

    Order Rodentia
    • Rodents
    • Mostly small size
    • 1 pair of continuously growing incisors
    • Large diastema between incisors and cheek teeth
    • Diverse diets, but majority herbivores, seed-eaters
    • Includes 40% of all mammal species
Rat Skull
Brown Rat skull, Rattus norvegicus (Family Muridae)
See also labeled photo.
Diet: omnivore
Muskrat Skull
Common Muskrat skull, Ondatra zibethicus (Family Cricetidae)
See also labeled photo.
Diet: herbivore
Plantain Squirrel Skull
Plantain Squirrel skull, Callosciurus notatus (Family Sciuridae)
Diet: fruits, leaves
Guinea Pig Skull
Guinea Pig Skull, Cavia porcellus (Family Caviidae)
Diet: Purina Guinea Pig Chow
Beaver Skull
American Beaver skull, Ondatra zibethicus (Family Cricetidae)
Diet: tree bark, aquatic vegetation
Porcupine Skull
North American Porcupine skull, Erethizon dorsatum (Family Erethizontidae)
Diet: herbivore, esp twigs, bark
Yellow bellied Marmot
Yellow-bellied Marmot, Marmota flaviventris (Family Sciuridae); CA
W Harvest Mouse
Western Harvest Mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis (Family Cricetidae); CA
Agouti
Red-rumped Agouti, Dasyprocta leporina (Family Dasyproctidae)
Rustynosed Rat
Rusty-nosed Rat, Oenomys hypoxanthus (Family Muridae); Kenya
Naked Mole Rats
Naked Mole-rats, Heterocephalus glaber (Family Bathyergidae)
Capybara
Capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Family Hydrochoeridae), the world's largest rodent (up to 75 kg)
Pocket Mouse
Little Pocket Mouse, Perognathus longimembris (Family Heteromyidae); AZ
Porcupine
North American Porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum (Family Erethizontidae)
Beaver
American Beaver, Castor canadensis (Family Castoridae); a semiaquatic rodent

    Order Lagomorpha
    • Rabbits and pikas
    • Similar to rodents
    • Tail very short
    • Two pairs of upper incisors (2nd pair behind first)
    • Fenestrated skull
    • 97 species; worldwide
Rabbit Skull
Rabbit Skull, Oryctolagus sp.? (Family Leporidae)
Diet: herbivore
Desert Cottontail
Desert Cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii (Family Leporidae); CO
American Pika
American Pika, Ochotona princeps (Family Ochotonidae); CO
Jackrabbit Skull
Jackrabbit Skull, Lepus sp. (Family Leporidae)
Diet: herbivore
Desert Cottontail
Black-tailed Jackrabbit, Lepus californicus (Family Leporidae); AZ
American Pika
American Pika, Ochotona princeps (Family Ochotonidae); CO

    Minor Orders:
      (Order Scandentia)
      • Tree shrews
      • Generally squirrel-like, but with more binocular vision
      • Insectivore-like dentition; large orbits and complete post-orbital bar
      • 23 species

      (Order Dermoptera)
      • Colugos (aka "Flying Lemurs")
      • Large, arboreal gliders with membrane between legs
      • Large, raised orbit; incisors comb-like
      • 2 species

      (Order Pholidota)
      • Pangolins
      • Covered in hard keratin scales
      • Limbs short with long claws
      • Skull simple; lack teeth
      • 8 species

      You do not need to know these orders
Order Scandentia:
Order Dermoptera:
Order Pholidota:
Tree Shrew Skull
Horsfield's Tree Shrew skull, Tupaia javanica (Family Tupaiidae)
Diet: insects
Colugo Skull
Sunda Colugo skull, Galeopterus variegatus (Family Cynocephalidae)
Diet: herbivore (leaves)
Pangolin Skull
Sunda Pangolin skull, Manis javanica (Family Manidae)
Diet: ant/termite specialist
Large Tree Shrew
Large Tree Shrew, Tupaia tana (Family Tupaiidae)
Colugo
Philippine Colugo, Cynocephalus volans (Family Cynocephalidae)
Source: F. Specht 1927, Brehms Tierleben.
Pangolin
Pangolin, Manus sp. (Family Manidae)
Source: Anonymous 1881, National Encyclopedia.

    Order Primates
    • Lemurs, monkeys, apes
    • Cheek teeth squarish
    • Large, forward-facing eyes
    • Reduced muzzle but larger brain
    • Grasping hands with nails instead of claws
    • 523 species, tropics (humans worldwide)
    • Notable subgroups:
      • Strepsirhini ("Prosimians" in part) include the more primitive lemurs, bush babies, and lorises.
      • Anthropoids are the monkeys, tamarins, marmosets, and apes
      • Hominoidea are the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs) and great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimps, and humans).
Slow Loris Skull
Sunda Slow Loris Skull, Nycticebus coucang (Family Lorisidae)
Diet: tree sap, nectar, fruit
Baboon Skull
Hamadryas Baboon skull, Papio hamadryas (Family Cercopithecidae)
Diet: omnivore
Chimp Skull
Chimpanzee skull, Pan troglodytes (Family Hominidae)
Diet: fruit, etc.
Ruffed Lemur Skull
Ruffed Lemur Skull, Varecia variegata (Family Lemuridae)
Diet: fruit
Monkey Skull
Vervet Monkey Skull, Chlorocebus sp. (Family Cercopithecidae)
See also labeled photo.
Diet: omnivore
Gorilla Skull
Gorilla skull, male, Gorilla gorilla (Family Hominidae)
Diet: herbivore

Strepsirhine "Prosimians":
Bush Baby
Bush Baby, Galago sp. (Family Galagonidae)
Ring-tailed Lemur
Ring-tailed Lemur, Lemur catta (Family Lemuridae)
Sifaka
Coquerel's Sifaka, Propithecus coquereli (Family Indriidae)

Ceboidae — New World monkeys, tamarins and marmosets:
Squirrel Monkeys
Common Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri sciureus (Family Cebidae)
Cottontop Tamarin
Cotton-top Tamarin, Saguinus oedipus (Family Callitrichidae)
Spider Monkey
Black-handed Spider Monkey, Ateles geoffroyi (Family Atelidae)

Cercopithecoidae — Old World monkeys:
B&W Colobus
Guereza Colobus, Colobus guereza, Kenya (Family Cercopithecidae)
Olive Baboon
Olive Baboon, Papio anubis, Kenya (Family Cercopithecidae)
Japanese Macaques
Japanese Macaques, Macaca fuscata (Family Cercopithecidae)

Hominoidea — Apes:
Crested Gibbon
Male Yellow-cheeked Gibbon, Nomascus gabriellae (Family Hylobatidae)
Bonobo
Bonobo, Pan paniscus (Family Hominidae)
Gorilla
Western Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla (Family Hominidae)

    Order Eulipotyphla
    • Shrews, moles, hedgehogs.
    • Generalized, ancestral characteristics
    • Cusps on cheek teeth tytpically form triangular pattern
    • Anterior pair of incisors enlarged
    • Canines similar to incisors: tricky to determine dental formula
    • Most are small sized
    • Relatively small brains
    • Pointed snouts with small eyes and ears
    • Primarily insectivorous
    • Formerly part of polyphyletic Order Insectivora
    • 573 species
Hedgehog Skull
European? Hedgehog skull, Erinaceus sp. (Family Erinaceidae)
Diet: invertebrates, fruit, etc.
Mole Skull
Eastern Mole skull, Scalopus aquaticus (Family Talpidae)
Diet: worms, insects
Shrew Skull
Asian House Shrew skull, Suncus murinus (Family Soricidae)
Diet: insects
Hedgehog
European Hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus (Family Erinaceidae)
Short-tailed Shrew
Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina carolinensis? (Family Soricidae)
Shrew Drawing
Common Shrew, Sorex araneus (Family Soricidae)
Image in public domain

    Order Chiroptera
    • Bats
    • Forelimb modified into wing
    • Forearm, fingers greatly elongated
    • Diet varies, including fruit, insects, nectar
    • 1450 species; worldwide
    • Two suborders (may not be monophyletic):
      • Megachiroptera are the large, tropical fruit bats (aka flying foxes) with limited echolocation
      • Microchiroptera are mostly smaller; all use echolocation and are predominantly insectivorous; they often have nose flaps and very large, complex ears
Fruit Bat Skull
Lyle's Flying Fox skull, Pteropus lylei (Family Pteropodidae)
Diet: fruit
Lesser Dawn Bat Skull
Lesser Dawn Bat skull, Eonycteris spelaea (Family Pteropodidae)
Diet: nectar
Fruit Bat Skull
Javan Pipistrelle skull, Pipistrellus javanicus (Family Vespertilionidae)
Diet: insects
Hammer-headed Bat Skull
Hammer-headed Bat skull, Hypsignathus monstrosus (Family Pteropodidae)
Diet: fruit
Nectar Bat Skull
Long-tongued Nectar Bat skull, Macroglossus minimus (Family Pteropodidae)
Diet: nectar
Roundleaf Bat Skull
Bicoloured Roundleaf Bat skull, Hipposideros bicolor (Family Vespertilionidae)
Diet: insects
Hollow-faced Bat
Giant Fruit Bat, Pteropus giganteus (Family Pteropodidae)
Rodriguez Fruit Bat
Rodriguez Fruit Bat, Pteropus rodricensis (Family Pteropodidae)
Jamaican Fruit Bats
Jamaican Fruit-eating Bats, Artibeus jamaicensis (Family Phyllostomidae)
Big Brown Bat
Big Brown Bat, Eptesicus fuscus (Family Vespertilionidae); CA
Pipistrelle
Pipistrelle, Neoromicia sp.?(Family Vespertilionidae); Kenya
Hollow-faced Bat
Hollow-faced Bat, Nycteris sp. (dead) (Family Nycteridae); Kenya

    Order Carnivora
    • Dogs, cats, bears, weasels, seals, etc.
    • Carnassial dentition: last upper premolar & 1st lower molar form specialized cutting teeth
    • Well developed canines
    • Most are predators
    • Pinnipeds are aquatic, with limbs modified into flippers
    • 314 species, now worldwide
Bobcat Skull
Bobcat skull, Lynx rufus (Family Felidae)
See also labeled photo.
Jackal Skull
Side-striped Jackal skull, Canis adustus (Family Canidae)
See also labeled photo.
Smilodon Skull
Saber-toothed Cat skull, Smilodon fatalis (Family Felidae)
Mink Skull
Mink skull, Mustela vison (Family Mustellidae)
Mongoose Skull
Small Indian Mongoose skull, Herpestes javanicus (Family Herpestidae)
Sea Lion Skull
California Sea Lion skull, Zalophus californianus (Family Otariidae)
Aardwolf Skull
Aardwolf skull, Proteles cristatus (Family Hyaenidae)
Mongoose Skull
Northern Racoon skull, Procyon lotor (Family Procyonidae)
Black Bear Skull
Black Bear skull, Ursus americanus (Family Ursidae)
LesserPanda
Lesser Panda, Ailurus fulgens (Family Ailuridae)
Sun Bear
Sun Bear, Helarctos malayanus (Family Ursidae)
Striped Skunk
Striped Skunk, Mephitis mephitis (Family Mephitidae)
Red Fox
Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes (Family Canidae); CA
ongoose
Banded Mongoose, Mungos mungo (Family Herpestidae)
African Lions
African Lions, Panthera leo (Family Felidae); Kenya
Raccoons
Northern Raccoons, Procyon lotor (Family Procyonidae); CA
Aardwolf
Aardwolf, Proteles cristatus (Family Hyaenidae)
Spotted Hyaenas
Spotted Hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta (Family Hyaenidae); Kenya
Otter
Spot-necked Otter, Hydrictis maculicollis (Family Mustellidae)
Northern Elephant Seals
Northern Elephant Seals, Mirounga anguistirostris (Family Phocidae); CA
Sea Lions
California Sea Lions, Zalophus californianus (Family Otariidae); CA

    Order Perissodactyla
    • Odd-toed Ungulates
    • 1 or 3 toes per foot
    • Large size
    • Elongated rostrum
    • Herbivorous; hind-gut fermenters
    • Unlike Artiodactyls, rhino horns are entirely keratinous and lack a bone core
    • 19 species
Horse Skull
Domestic Horse skull, Equus caballus (Family Equidae)
Diet: herbivore
Burchells Zebras
Burchell's Zebras, Equus burchelli (Family Equidae); Kenya
Malayan Tapirs
Malayan Tapirs, Tapirus indicus (Family Tapiridae)
Rhino Skull
Sumatran Rhinoceros skull, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Family Rhinocerotidae)
International Wildlife Museum
Diet: herbivore
Indian Rhinoceros
Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis (Family Rhinocerotidae)
Black Rhinoceros
Black Rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis (Family Rhinocerotidae)

    Order Artiodactyla
    • Even-toed Ungulates
    • 2 or 4 toes per foot
    • Diverse in size, shape
    • Omnivorous or herbivorous; many are foregut fermenters
    • Many have horns, ossicones, or antlers
    • 266 species, worldwide
    • Taxonomic note: This traditional order is paraphyletic; the clade that includes artiodactyls and whales is called Cetartiodactyla
Deer Skull
White-tailed Deer skull, Odocoileus virginanus (Family Cervidae), ♂ with antlers
Diet: herbivore
Impala Skull
Impala skull, Aepyceros melampus (Family Bovidae), ♂ with horns
Diet: herbivore
Peccary Skull
Collared Peccary skull, Pecari (Tayassu) tajacu (Family Tayassuidae)
Diet: herbivorous, omnivorous
Warthog Skull
Common Warthog, Phacochoerus africanus (Family Suidae); note tusks
Diet: omnivorous
Giraffe Skull
Southern Giraffe skull, Giraffa giraffa (Family Giraffidae), ♂ with ossicones
Diet: herbivorous
Peccary Skull
Pronghorn skull, Antilocapra americana (Family Antilocapridae), ♂ with horns
Diet: herbivorous
Muntjac Skull
Reeve's Muntjac, Muntiacus reevesi (Family Cervidae)
Hippo Skull
Hippopotamus skull, Hippopotamus amphibius (Family Hippopotamidae)
Diet: herbivorous
Alpaca Skull
Alpaca skull, Vicugna pacos (Family Camelidae)
Diet: herbivorous
Elk
♂ White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Family Cervidae); TX
Impala
♂ Impala, Aepyceros melampus (Family Bovidae); Kenya
Collared Peccary
Collared Peccary, Pecari (Tayassu) tajacu (Family Tayassuidae)
Warthog
Common Warthog, Phacochoerus africanus (Family Suidae); Kenya
Dromedary
Dromedary, Camelus dromedarius (Family Camelidae)
Hippopotamuses
Hippopotamuses, Hippopotamus amphibians (Family Hippopotamidae); Kenya
African Buffalo
African Buffalo, Syncerus caffer (Family Bovidae); Kenya
Giraffe
Masai Giraffe, Giraffa tippelskirchi (Family Giraffidae); Kenya
Pronghorn
Pronghorn, Antilocapra americana (Family Antilocapridae); WY

    Order Cetacea
    • Whales & Dolphins
    • Fully aquatic
    • Very large size with streamlined shape
    • Front flippers; no hind limbs
    • Broad crescent-shaped tail fluke
    • Nostril on top of head (blowhole)
    • Skulls often asymmetric
    • 98 species; oceans and some rivers
    • Two extant suborders:
      • Odontoceti (toothed whales, dolphins) have simple homodont teeth
      • Mysticeti (baleen whales) lack teeth but have baleen: keratin sheets used to strain food
Gray Whale Skull
Gray Whale skull, Eschrichtius robustus (Family Eschrichtiidae)
San Diego Natural History Museum
Diet: filter feeder on benthic crustaceans
White-sided Dolphin Skull
Pacific White-sided Dolphin skull, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Family Delphinidae)
Diet: fish
Bottle-nosed Dolphin
Bottle-nosed Dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Family Delphinidae)
Bowhead Whale Baleen
Bowhead Whale baleen, Balaena mysticetus (Family Balaenidae)
Diet: filter feeder on zooplankton
Gray Whale
Gray Whale, Eschrichtius robustus (Family Eschrichtiidae)
Beluga
Beluga Whale, Delphinapterus leucas (Family Monodontidae)
This page last updated 19 July 2021 by Udo M. Savalli ()
Images and text © Udo M. Savalli. All rights reserved.